Tyrannosaurus rex(T rex)

 

                 Tyrannosaurus rex ("tyrant lizard king"), also recognized colloquially as The King of the Dinosaurs, was a huge carnivorous theropod dinosaur from the Upper Maastrichtian, the last stage of the Cretaceous time, 65–66 million years ago. Its fossil leftovers are rare — as of 2005 only 30 specimens had been found1, including three total skulls. The first specimens found played a significant role in the Bone Wars. T. rex is the best known carnivorous dinosaur, chiefly because it was consideration to be the largest to have ever existed for a long time. While there have been sensationalistic claims of new, larger theropods "dethroning" T. rex as the King of the Dinosaurs, proof remains scant and open to debate. T. rex will very likely remain a subject of ongoing scientific investigate and popular culture.

•  Discoveries

The first specimen (a partial vertebra) was establish by Edward Cope in 1892 and was described as Manospondylus gigas. It was assigned to Tyrannosaurus rex in 1912 by Henry Osborn. Barnum Brown, helper curator of the American Museum of Natural History, establishes the second T. Rex Skeleton in Wyoming in 1900. This specimen was at first named Dynamosaurus imperiosus in the same paper in which Tyrannosaurus rex was described. Were it not for page order, Dynamosaurus would have turn out to be the official name. The original "Dynamosaurus" material resides in the collections of the Natural History Museum, London.

• Characteristics

    Up to 13 meters (43 feet) in length and 4–7 tons in weight, T. rex was one of the main carnivorous dinosaurs of all time. Compared to additional carnivorous dinosaurs, the skull of Tyrannosaurus is a lot modified. Many of the bones are compound together, preventing group between them. The bones themselves are much more massive than is typical of a theropod, and the jagged teeth, far from being bladelike, are massive and oval in cross-section. Heavy wear and the bite script found on bones of other dinosaurs indicate that these teeth could bite into solid bone. The teeth are often damaged or broken at the tips from heavy use but, unlike mammals, were continually full-grown and shed all through the life of the animal. Compared to other giant carnivorous dinosaurs such as Allosaurus, Tyrannosaurus appears to have had a sizeable brain, but it was almost certainly not chiefly intelligent by mammalian standards.

    The neck was short and very a lot muscled. The arms of T. rex were small, maybe to make up for the weight of its huge head, but were very sturdy. Paleontologists continue to argue about what reason, if any, they served. They may have served to grab the female during sex, and surely helped the animal to get up, temporarily behind the front body like the struts of a detached truck trailer. The legs were comparatively long and slender for an animal of this size. Recent investigate suggests that an adult Tyrannosaurus could not run much, but juveniles might have been with no trouble as fast as a modern lion. Most scientists and paleontologists adults were not fast runners. The configuration of its hip bone relative to the legs and spine propose a muscle tissue expansion and posture that would have enabled the animal to run close to 30 mph (50 km/h) in adulthood. Evidence of its prey in fossils and migrating patterns propose this animal probably had to have been able to sustain a speed strong enough to hunt its prey. To recompense for its immense bulk, the center of many bones were hollowed out. This significantly reduced the weight of the skeleton while maintaining much of the power of the bones.

Tarbosaurus

Tarbosaurus was a associate of the dinosaur family of tyrannosaurids, which flourished during the Late Cretaceous. It is sometimes built-in in the genus Tyrannosaurus.

Although many specimens of this genus have been establishing, little definite data is confirmed on the dinosaur as of 1986, though it was supposed to share many characteristics with other tyrannosaurids. During studies of the animal, the upper jaw proved attractive, as it possessed more than 20 extremely large, knife-shaped teeth. The skull in universal seems to have many similarities with its North American cousin, Tyrannosaurus rex, prompting many to put it in the Tyrannosaurus genus (the resulting designation would then be Tyrannosaurus bataar). The close similarities have also prompted some scientists to suggest a likely link between the North American and Eurasian continents at that time, perhaps in the form of a land bridge.

Only one species of Tarbosaurus, T. bataar, has been formally established.

Weight Not known, had lighter bones than Tyrannosaurus rex, thus probable less than 7 short tons (6 metric tons)

Length diverse from 33 to 46 feet (10-14 meters)

Height diverse from 14 feet, 6 inches to 20 feet (4.5-6 meters)

Found Mongolia

Period Late Cretaceous

Family tyrannosaurids

Daspletosaurus

    The theropod dinosaur Daspletosaurus or frightful lizard had a head as huge as the later Tyrannosaurus rex, with just as cruel teeth. With such big teeth, this carnivorous dinosaur may have been clever to attack and kill heavily plated species of dinosaurs, like ankylosaurs. A contempary of Gorgosaurus, Daspletosaurus was founded on a frame originally believed to be an undescribed species of Gorgosaurus. Dale A. Russell hypothesized that while the more lightly built and more common Gorgosaurus may have specialized in preying on the more ordinary species of hadrosaurids, the heavier, more robust Daspletosaurus may have specialized in the less prevalent armored species of the time such as the ceratopsids.
The fossils of a Daspletosaurus torosus were found in The Canadian Museum of Nature. It has been suggested that Daspletosaurus is a direct ancestor to Tyrannosaurus. The massive, stocky construct of the two tyrannosaurus and certain similarities in skull structures seem to be indicators of a close phylogenetic relationship between the two genera. Some have even gone further to suggest that Daspletosaurus is in fact a species of Tyrannosaurus (Daspletosaurus torosus = Tyrannosaurus torosus), but this has not been universally acknowledged. Currently, one species of Daspletosaurus, D. torosus, (torosus = "brawny") has been officially documented.

     However, a recent tyrannosaur find in Montana is thought to be that of a new (still un-named) daspletosaur species.The skull of this find seems to point to a more "Tyrannosaurus-like" animal than D. torosus, possibly indicating an middle form between D. torosus and T. rex. Most of the specimens found were in Alberta, others were also establish in New Mexico.

• Daspletosaurus facts:

Name:     Daspletosaurus (Horrifying lizard)
Size:     30 ft long and 10 ft tall
Main Facts:     Daspletosaurus is an ancestor of T.rex and its arms were longer than that of T. rex. It had stronger jaws than Albertosaurus.

Spinosaurus

     Spinosaurus aegyptiacus ("Egyptian spine lizard") is a theropod dinosaur genus from the Albian to early Cenomanian stages of the Cretaceous time, about 95 to 93 million years ago. Its distinctions comprise being the biggest meat-eating of all dinosaurs, rivaling even Tyrannosaurus rex (at somewhere between 40 and 60 feet (12 to 20 meters) long, 16 to 20 feet (4.8 to 6 meters) tall, and 5 to 7 tons), having large bones extending from the vertebrae up to 6 feet long. These spines most probable had skin or a membrane stretching between them, forming a sail-like arrangement. Spinosaurus provides the name of a family of dinosaurs, the Spinosauridae, of which other members include Angaturama (probably synonymous with Irritator), Baryonyx, Irritator, Suchomimus, and Siamosaurus.

    Much mystery environs the nature of this animal. First of all, although it has been well-known to dinosaur enthusiasts because of its strange features, even before it was popularized by its role as main rival in Jurassic Park III, it is mostly known through remains that have been destroyed, aside from a few more newly discovered teeth. Unpublished jaw and skull material suggest that it may have had one of the longest skulls of any carnivorous dinosaur. Initially found in the Baharija Valley of Egypt in 1912, it was named by German paleontologist Ernst Stromer in 1915. Some of the fossils were damaged during convey back to the Munich Museum in Germany, and the remaining bones were completely lost due to Allied bombing in 1944.
Aside from its sail, notable individuality of Spinosaurus includes:

Albertosaurus

       Albertosaurus Dinosaur (al-BURR-to-SORE-us) is the species name for several species of tyrannosaurids that looked similar to Tyrannosaurus rex, but were rather smaller. Albertosaurus Dinosaur also tended to be less massive than T. rex, as fine as its contemporary Daspletosaurus (also a tyrannosaurid of similar length).
Albertosaurus was first discovered by Joseph B.Tyrrell in 1884 which is now displayed in the Royal Tyrrell Museum (now the marquee specimen of the museum). The co-existence of these two animals have lead to the proposal that they were specialized for killing different kinds of prey: Albertosaurus Dinosaur may have went after fleeter prey, like duck-billed dinosaurs and ornithomimids, while Daspletosaurus tackled heavier horned dinosaur.
    
     Like Tyrannosaurus, Albertosaurus had small arms and a enormous head with recurved serrated teeth. These teeth however, are more powerfully curved than those of Tyrannosaurus Dinosaur.The massive head of Albertosaurus was built for strength. It could withstand the shock as Albertosaurus crashed, open-mouthed, into its prey. Huge jaws carried the deadly sharp teeth, and spaces in the skull left room for bulging muscles.

    Unlike Tyrannosaurus, who underwent much evolutionary modify, all discovered specimens of Albertosaurus Dinosaur suggest that they didn't evolve much in over 10 million years, apart from for a trend towards a more slender or gracile form.

   The rear legs of Albertosaurus were powered by large muscles that pulled on the bones to make them move. The ankle and metatarsals worked as part of the leg, giving a longer stride.Albertosaurus Dinosaurs is named after the Canadian province of Alberta.

• Albertosaurus facts:

Name:     Albertosaurus Dinosaur (al-BURR-to-SORE-us)
Size:     63 feet long
Main Facts:     Albertosaurus walks on the two back legs, leaving the front limbs free for catching and holding prey.

Acrocanthosaurus

  
       Acrocanthosaurus Dinosaur(ack-row-CAN-tho-SORE-us) was a very huge member of the Allosauridae family. It may stand for an evolutionary link between the Late Jurassic Allosaurus and the gigantic Late Cretaceous Carcharodontosaurus. Estimates rest its size at about 40 feet (12 meters) long and 13 feet (4 meters) tall. The only described species to date is Atokensis is branch of the Allosauroidea, a group which included Allosauridae, Sinraptoridae, and Carcharodontosauridae, along with basal allosaurids such as Monolophosaurus, Crylophosaurus, and Fukuiraptor ect.
Some scientists classified Acrocanthosaurus as an allosaurid and others as a carcharodontosaurid.

     Acrocanthosaurus Dinosaur was mainly noteworthy both for its size and for the low row of spines running along its back. The function of these spines leftovers unknown: they may have acted as muscle anchors or they may have supported a sail of skin.Even although Acrocanthosaurus had a sail, it was not a Spinosauroid.

    Acrocanthosaurus is found in North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences in Raleigh.J.Willis Stovall and Wann Langston, Jr. named it in 1950. The name means "high spine lizard", from the Greek akros ("high"), akantha ("spine") and sauros ("lizard"). It is from the Early Cretaceous of North America.

• Acrocanthosaurus facts:

Name:     Acrocanthosaurus Dinosaur(ack-row-CAN-tho-SORE-us)
Size:     40 feet long and 13 feet tall.
Main Facts:     Acrocanthosaurus Dinosaur is a classic predator. It has a big head with sharp teeth, powerful legs. The most salient feature of this influential dinosaur is a series of spikes running down its spine which measure around 0.4mt.

Megalosaurus

     Megalosaurus was a species of large meat-eating dinosaurs of the Jurassic period.
      Megalosaurus was one of the primary dinosaurs to be described. Part of a bone was improved from a limestone quarry at Cornwell near Oxford, England in 1676. The fragment was sent to Robert Plot, Professor of Chemistry at the University of Oxford and first guardian of the Ashmolean Museum, who published a description in his Natural History of Oxfordshire in 1677. He correctly identified the bone as the lower extremity of the femur of a large animal, and he documented that it was too large to belong to any known species; he measured it to be the thigh bone of a giant. The bone has since been lost but the depiction is detailed enough to identify it clearly as the femur of a Megalosaurus.

    The Cornwell bone was described again by Joshua Brookes in 1763, who named it Scrotum humane based on the similarity of appearance to a pair of human testicles. (Although this name theoretically has priority, succeeding authors have chosen to treat it is as joke rather than a serious effort to propose a scientific name, or possibly not compliant with binomial nomenclature but rather with the old, descriptive approach).

    More discoveries were made preliminary in 1815, this time at the Stones field quarry north of Oxford, and they were acquired by William Buckland, Professor of Geology at the University of Oxford and dean of Christ Church.

 

Allosaurus

      Allosaurus Dinosaur (AL-oh-sore-us) was a big carnivorous dinosaur with a length of up to 12 m (39 ft).It was the most common huge predator in North America, 140 million years ago, in the Jurassic period.

     Allosaurus Dinosaur is the official state fossil of Utah, in the United States.

      Allosaurus is a classic big theropod: a big skull on a short neck, a long tail, and abridged forelimbs. Its most distinctive feature is a pair of blunt horns just above and in front of the eyes. Although short in assessment to the hindlimbs, the forelimbs are massive and bear large, eagle-like claws. The skull shows evidence of being self-possessed of separate modules, which could be moved in relation to one another, allowing big pieces of meat to be swallowed. The skeleton of Allosaurus, like other theropods, shows birdlike features similar to a wishbone and neck vertebrae hollowed by air sacs. It is thought that Allosaurus might have necessary in packs, allowing it to bring down the huge sauropods of the time.

Findings

     Allosaurus Dinosaur is the most general theropod in the huge section of dinosaur-bearing rock in the American Southwest known as the Morrison Formation. Remains have been improved in Montana, Wyoming, South Dakota, Colorado, Oklahoma, New Mexico, and Utah in the United States; and in Portugal. Curiously, Allosaurus shared the Jurassic landscape with several other theropods, including Ceratosaurus and the massive Torvosaurus.

     A famous fossil bed can be found in the Cleveland Lloyd Quarry in Utah. This fossil bed contains over 10,000 bones, mostly of Allosaurus, with other dinosaurs like Stegosaurus and Ceratosaurus thrown in. It is still a mystery how the bits and pieces of so many animals can be found in one place: normally the ratio of fossils of carnivorous animals over fossils of plant eaters is very small. Conclusion like these can be explained by pack hunting, although this is difficult to prove.

    One of the more important finds was the 1991 discovery of "Big Al" (MOR 593), a 95% comprehensive, partially articulated, juvenile specimen that measured 8 meters (26 feet) in length. Nineteen bones were broken down or showed signs of infection, which probably contributed to Big Al's death. It was featured in the BBC's Walking with Dinosaurs series in the "Ballad of Big Al". The Museum of the Rockies and University of Wyoming Geological Museum excavated the fossils near Shell, Wyoming. This skeleton was at first discovered by a Swiss team led by Kirby Siber,which later excavated a second Allosaurus "Big Al Two", which is the best preserved skeleton of it's kind to date.

Classification and history of Allosaurus Dinosaur

    The first Allosaurus Dinosaur fossil to be described was a "petrified horse hoof" given to Ferdinand Vanpeer Hayden in 1869 by the populace of Middle Park, near Granby, Colorado. It was really a caudal vertebra (a tail bone), which Joseph Leidy tentatively assigned first to the Poicilopleuron genus, and later to a new genus, Antrodemus. However, it was Othniel Charles Marsh who gave the formal name Allosaurus fragilis to the genus and type species in 1877, based on much better material counting a partial skeleton, from Garden Park, north of Canon City, Colorado.

    The name Allosaurus Dinosaurs comes from the Greek allos, meaning "strange" or "different"; and sauros, meaning "lizard" or "reptile". The species epithet fragilis is Latin for "fragile". Both refer to lightening skin in the vertebrae.

    It is unclear how many species of Allosaurus Dinosaurs there were. The fabric from the Cleveland-Lloyd Allosaurus is much smaller and more lightly built than the huge, robust Allosaurus from Brigham Young University's Dry Mesa Quarry. Fossils like Allosaurus have been described from Portugal.

   Allosaurus's closest relative is probably the Lower Cretaceous Acrocanthosaurus.

 Allosaurus facts:
Name:     Allosaurus Dinosaur (AL-oh-sore-us)
Size:     39 feet long and 12 feet tall
Main Facts:     It is unclear how many species of Allosaurus Dinosaurs there were. Fossils like Allosaurus have been described from Portugal.

Ceratosaurus

     Ceratosaurus ("horned lizard") is a greedy dinosaur from the Late Jurassic Morrison Formation of North America. It is characterized by huge jaws with enormous, bladelike teeth, a large, bladelike horn on the snout, and a pair horn lets over the eyes. The forelimbs were strongly built but very short. The type species is Ceratosaurus nasicornis, although numerous other species have been named, including C. dentisulcatus and C. magnicornis.

    Ceratosaurus is known from the Cleveland-Lloyd quarry in central Utah and Dry Mesa in Colorado. It lived next to dinosaurs such as Allosaurus, Torvosaurus, Apatosaurus, Diplodocus, and Stegosaurus. Some propose it was a rival to Allosaurus.
Ceratosaurus fossil remains in North American Museum of Ancient Life. It was around 4.5–6 m in size, weighing 500 kg up to 1 tonne. The African C. ingens may have been much better, with size estimates ranging up to 5 tonnes, which if right would make it one of the largest of the Theropoda.

     Ceratosaurus was first discovered by Othniel Charles Marsh. Relatives of Ceratosaurus contain Elaphrosaurus and the abelisaur Carnotaurus.
Filmography

      A Ceratosaurus battles a Triceratops in the 1966 remake of 1 Million Years B.C. In Jurassic Park III, a Ceratosaurus has a brief look. In the film When Dinosaurs Roamed America, a Ceratosaurus makes a small number of appearances but is later killed by an Allosaurus and eaten.

Ceratosaurus facts:
Name:     Ceratosaurus (horned lizard)
Size:     20 feet (6 m) long and 8 feet (2.5m) tall
Main Facts:    

    Ceratosaurus was a powerful predator.
    It had a strong, s-shaped neck and short horn on its nose.

Dilophosaurus

      Dilophosaurus wetherilli is an near the beginning Jurassic theropod dinosaur. It had paired curved crests on its skull, mostly likely for display. The actual dinosaur deliberate around 6 meters long and may have weighed half a ton. The fossils of Dilophosaurus come from the Navajo Indian Reservation, just west of Tuba City, Arizona. Remains were also established in Schenectady, New York. Just a few tens of feet below the level of the bones, large footprints of carnivorous dinosaurs are found, and these may fit in to Dilophosaurus. The unique description was published in 1954 by the renowned paleontologist Samuel Paul Welles; however, at the time, it was thought to be another genus of theropod (Megalosaurus). In 1970, it was documented to be distinct and given its own generic name Dilophosaurus (meaning "two-crested lizard"). Welles later redescribed the entire taxon in 1984 in a much more total paper. Dilophosaurus may be a primitive member of the clade containing together ceratosaurian and tetanuran theropods. Alternatively, some paleontologists classify this genus as a large coelophysoid.
There is an additional species of Dilophosaurus (D. sinensis) which may or may not belong to this genus. It is possibly closer to the bizarre Antarctic theropod Cryolophosaurus, based on fact that the anterior end of the jugal does not contribute in the internal antorbital fenestra and that the maxillary tooth row is totally in front of the orbit and ends anterior to the vertical strut of the lacrimal. This species was recovered from the Yunnan Province of China in 1987 with the prosauropod Yunnanosaurus, and later described and named in 1993 by Shaojin Hu.
           Dilophosaurus was also fitted in the 1993 movie Jurassic Park (and the book by Michael Crichton on which the film was based). It sported a retractable frill around its neck, much like a frilled lizard, and was clever to spit poison, aiming for the eyes to blind and paralyze its prey. There is no proof to support this representation. In the film, director Steven Spielberg also abridged its size, from moderately large to about 3 feet tall and 5 feet long - this was to keep rivalry low for the main star of the movie, Tyrannosaurus rex.
A Dinosaur found in Grand Junction area of Colorado and Fruita Dinosaur Journey Museum.
          Paleontologists, however, have exposed that Dilophosaurus had very weak mandibles, making it not possible for it to kill its prey by biting it without sustaining severe wounds (breaking of the jaw). This might be the basis for the theory of the poison, a way to debilitate its prey without putting itself at risk, which is in attendance in the book. The frill is possible, but no evidence has been found to hold up it.
 
Dilophosaurus facts:
Name:     Dilophosaurus (Double combed lizard)
Size:     20 ft long and 5 ft tall
Main Facts:     Dilophosaurus was built lightweight and its teeth were very long, but its mouth was not built well to consume larger animals.
Rich resources:
Title: Dilophosaurus

Description: More about Dilophosaurus by the late Sam Welles, formerly a professor at the University of California Museum of Paleontology (UCMP).

T-rex

     Best known of the dinosaurs, Tyrannosaurus rex was one of the most awesome creatures that have walked on the earth. T-rex was one of the largest meat - eating dinosaurs, having a skull up to 5ft long and many sharp teeth reaching lengths of 6in (15cm). The first complete Tyrannosaurus rex T-rex skeleton was discovered in 1902, and many great examples have been unearthed over the last fifteen years.

TIME - 65 - 68MYA, Late Cretaceous period.
RANGE - USA Colorado, Montana, N. Dakota
New Mexico, Wyoming.
Canada Alberta, Saskatchewan.
DIET - The T-rex was a carnivore.
SIZE - Height up to 20ft (6m) and lengths up to 49ft(15m)..
WEIGHT - 6.5 US tons.

Tyrannosaurus rex ("tyrant lizard king"), also recognized colloquially as The King of the Dinosaurs, was a huge carnivorous theropod dinosaur from the Upper Maastrichtian, the last stage of the Cretaceous time, 65–66 million years ago. Its fossil leftovers are rare — as of 2005 only 30 specimens had been found1, including three total skulls. The first specimens found played a significant role in the Bone Wars. T. rex is the best known carnivorous dinosaur, chiefly because it was consideration to be the largest to have ever existed for a long time. While there have been sensationalistic claims of new, larger theropods "dethroning" T. rex as the King of the Dinosaurs, proof remains scant and open to debate. T. rex will very likely remain a subject of ongoing scientific investigate and popular culture.

Discoveries

     The first specimen (a partial vertebra) was establish by Edward Cope in 1892 and was described as Manospondylus gigas. It was assigned to Tyrannosaurus rex in 1912 by Henry Osborn. Barnum Brown, helper curator of the American Museum of Natural History, establishes the second T. Rex Skeleton in Wyoming in 1900. This specimen was at first named Dynamosaurus imperiosus in the same paper in which Tyrannosaurus rex was described. Were it not for page order, Dynamosaurus would have turn out to be the official name. The original "Dynamosaurus" material resides in the collections of the Natural History Museum, London.

Characteristics

Up to 13 meters (43 feet) in length and 4–7 tons in weight, T. rex was one of the main carnivorous dinosaurs of all time. Compared to additional carnivorous dinosaurs, the skull of Tyrannosaurus is a lot modified. Many of the bones are compound together, preventing group between them. The bones themselves are much more massive than is typical of a theropod, and the jagged teeth, far from being bladelike, are massive and oval in cross-section. Heavy wear and the bite script found on bones of other dinosaurs indicate that these teeth could bite into solid bone. The teeth are often damaged or broken at the tips from heavy use but, unlike mammals, were continually full-grown and shed all through the life of the animal. Compared to other giant carnivorous dinosaurs such as Allosaurus, Tyrannosaurus appears to have had a sizeable brain, but it was almost certainly not chiefly intelligent by mammalian standards.

The neck was short and very a lot muscled. The arms of T. rex were small, maybe to make up for the weight of its huge head, but were very sturdy. Paleontologists continue to argue about what reason, if any, they served. They may have served to grab the female during sex, and surely helped the animal to get up, temporarily behind the front body like the struts of a detached truck trailer. The legs were comparatively long and slender for an animal of this size. Recent investigate suggests that an adult Tyrannosaurus could not run much, but juveniles might have been with no trouble as fast as a modern lion. Most scientists and paleontologists adults were not fast runners. The configuration of its hip bone relative to the legs and spine propose a muscle tissue expansion and posture that would have enabled the animal to run close to 30 mph (50 km/h) in adulthood. Evidence of its prey in fossils and migrating patterns propose this animal probably had to have been able to sustain a speed strong enough to hunt its prey. To recompense for its immense bulk, the center of many bones were hollowed out. This significantly reduced the weight of the skeleton while maintaining much of the power of the bones.